Home › Biology › Photosynthesis and respiration › Cell Respiration and ATP Cell Respiration and ATP Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds, such as glucose and fatty acids, to make ATP. ATP then carries that energy to every process that needs it. This page covers the SL core of IB […]
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Home › Biology › Cell respiration › Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation The electron transport chain (ETC, or electron transport system, ETS) is the final stage of aerobic respiration: a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that pass electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen. The energy released
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Home › Biology › Cell respiration › Krebs Cycle Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) The Krebs cycle (citric acid or TCA cycle) is the third stage of aerobic respiration, in which the acetyl group of acetyl CoA is fully oxidised in the mitochondrial matrix through eight enzyme-controlled steps. Each turn releases 2 CO2 and makes
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Home › Biology › Cell respiration › Fate of Pyruvate Fate of Pyruvate After Glycolysis The fate of pyruvate after glycolysis depends on oxygen. With oxygen, pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix, where the link reaction turns it into acetyl CoA, CO2 and NADH for the Krebs cycle. Without oxygen, fermentation reduces it to ethanol and
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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), also known as the direct oxidative pathway, glycolytic shunt, hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS), or Warburg-Lipmann-Dickens cycle, is an alternative route for glucose breakdown that bypasses glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. This pathway, present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, occurs in the cytoplasm and chloroplasts under aerobic conditions. Unlike other respiratory
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Home › Biology › Cell respiration › Glycolysis Glycolysis Pathway Glycolysis is the first stage of cell respiration, in which one glucose molecule (6C) is broken down in the cytoplasm into two molecules of pyruvate (3C) through ten enzyme-controlled steps. It uses 2 ATP, makes 4 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation and 2 NADH, giving a
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